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OSPF设置
OSPF协议
OSPF(Open Shortest Path
First)是一个内部网关协议(Interior Gateway Protocol,简称IGP),用于在单一自治系统(autonomous
system,AS)内决策路由。与RIP相对,OSPF是链路状态路有协议,而RIP是距离向量路由协议。
链路是路由器接口的另一种说法,因此OSPF也称为接口状态路由协议。OSPF通过路由器之间通告网络接口的状态来建立链路状态数据库,生成最短路径树,每个OSPF路由器使用这些最短路径构造路由表。
文档见RFC2178。
1.有关命令
全局设置
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任务
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命令
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指定使用OSPF协议
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router ospf
process-id1 |
|
指定与该路由器相连的网络 |
network address
wildcard-mask area area-id2
|
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指定与该路由器相邻的节点地址
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neighbor ip-address
|
注:1、OSPF路由进程process-id必须指定范围在1-65535,多个OSPF进程可以在同一个路由器上配置,但最好不这样做。多个OSPF进程需要多个OSPF数据库的副本,必须运行多个最短路径算法的副本。process-id只在路由器内部起作用,不同路由器的process-id可以不同。
2、wildcard-mask 是子网掩码的反码, 网络区域ID area-id在0-4294967295内的十进制数,也可以是带有IP地址格式的x.x.x.x。当网络区域ID为0或0.0.0.0时为主干域。不同网络区域的路由器通过主干域学习路由信息。
2.基本配置举例:
Router1:
interface ethernet 0
ip address 192.1.0.129
255.255.255.192
!
interface serial 0
ip address
192.200.10.5 255.255.255.252
!
router ospf 100
network 192.200.10.4
0.0.0.3 area 0
network 192.1.0.128
0.0.0.63 area 1
!
Router2:
interface ethernet 0
ip address 192.1.0.65
255.255.255.192
!
interface serial 0
ip address
192.200.10.6 255.255.255.252
!
router ospf 200
network 192.200.10.4
0.0.0.3 area 0
network 192.1.0.64
0.0.0.63 area 2
!
Router3:
interface ethernet 0
ip address 192.1.0.130
255.255.255.192
!
router ospf 300
network 192.1.0.128
0.0.0.63 area 1
!
Router4:
interface ethernet 0
ip address 192.1.0.66
255.255.255.192
!
router ospf 400
network 192.1.0.64
0.0.0.63 area 1
!
相关调试命令:
debug ip ospf events
debug ip ospf packet
show ip ospf
show ip ospf database
show ip ospf interface
show ip ospf neighbor
show ip route
3.
使用身份验证
为了安全的原因,我们可以在相同OSPF区域的路由器上启用身份验证的功能,只有经过身份验证的同一区域的路由器才能互相通告路由信息。
在默认情况下OSPF不使用区域验证。通过两种方法可启用身份验证功能,纯文本身份验证和消息摘要(md5)身份验证。纯文本身份验证传送的身份验证口令为纯文本,它会被网络探测器确定,所以不安全,不建议使用。而消息摘要(md5)身份验证在传输身份验证口令前,要对口令进行加密,所以一般建议使用此种方法进行身份验证。
使用身份验证时,区域内所有的路由器接口必须使用相同的身份验证方法。为起用身份验证,必须在路由器接口配置模式下,为区域的每个路由器接口配置口令。
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任务
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命令
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指定身份验证
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area area-id
authentication [message-digest] |
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使用纯文本身份验证
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ip ospf authentication-key
password |
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使用消息摘要(md5)身份验证 |
ip ospf
message-digest-key keyid md5 key
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以下列举两种验证设置的示例,示例的网络分布及地址分配环境与以上基本配置举例相同,只是在Router1和Router2的区域0上使用了身份验证的功能。:
例1.使用纯文本身份验证
Router1:
interface ethernet 0
ip address 192.1.0.129
255.255.255.192
!
interface serial 0
ip address
192.200.10.5 255.255.255.252
ip ospf
authentication-key cisco
!
router ospf 100
network 192.200.10.4
0.0.0.3 area 0
network 192.1.0.128
0.0.0.63 area 1
area 0 authentication
!
Router2:
interface ethernet 0
ip address 192.1.0.65
255.255.255.192
!
interface serial 0
ip address
192.200.10.6 255.255.255.252
ip ospf
authentication-key cisco
!
router ospf 200
network 192.200.10.4
0.0.0.3 area 0
network 192.1.0.64
0.0.0.63 area 2
area 0 authentication
!
例2.消息摘要(md5)身份验证:
Router1:
interface ethernet 0
ip address 192.1.0.129
255.255.255.192
!
interface serial 0
ip address
192.200.10.5 255.255.255.252
ip ospf
message-digest-key 1 md5 cisco
!
router ospf 100
network 192.200.10.4
0.0.0.3 area 0
network 192.1.0.128
0.0.0.63 area 1
area
0 authentication message-digest
!
Router2:
interface ethernet 0
ip address 192.1.0.65
255.255.255.192
!
interface serial 0
ip address
192.200.10.6 255.255.255.252
ip ospf
message-digest-key 1 md5 cisco
!
router ospf 200
network 192.200.10.4
0.0.0.3 area 0
network 192.1.0.64
0.0.0.63 area 2
area
0 authentication message-digest
!
相关调试命令:
debug ip ospf adj
debug ip ospf events
- 启用OSPF动态路由协议
router ospf 进程号
进程号可以随意设置,只标识ospf为本路由器内的一个进程
- 定义参与ospf的子网.该子网属于哪一个OSPF路由信息交换区域。
network ip 子网号 通配符 area 区域号
路由器将限制只能在相同区域内交换子网信息,不同区域间不交换路由信息。另外,区域0为主干OSPF区域。不同区域交换路由信息必须经过区域0。一般地,某一区域要接入OSPF0路由区域,该区域必须至少有一台路由器为区域边缘路由器,即它既参与本区域路由又参与区域0路由。
- OSPF区域间的路由信息总结
如果区域中的子网是连续的,则区域边缘路由器向外传播给路由信息时,采用路由总结功能后,路由器就会将所有这些连续的子网总结为一条路由传播给其它区域,则在其它区域内的路由器看到这个区域的路由就只有一条。这样可以节省路由时所需网络带宽。
设置对某一特定范围的子网进行总结:area 区域号 range 子网范围掩码
- 指明网络类型 在需要进行OSPF路由信息的端口中,设置:
ip ospf network broadcast或non-broadcast或point-to -mutlipoint
一般地,对于 DDN,帧中继和X.25属于非广播型的网络,即non-broadcast
- 对于非广播型的网络连接,需指明路由器的相邻路由器
neighbor 相邻路由器的相邻端口的IP地址
通过以上配置,路由器之间就可以完成交换路由信息了,其它设置,为了防止路由信息被窃取,可以对OSPF进行安全设置,只有合法的同一区域的路由器之间才能交换路由信息。
设置步骤
- 设置某区域使用安全设置MD5方式
area 区域标号 autherfication message-digest
可以采用明文方式 ,但建议采用MD5方式,较安全。
- 设置某端口验证其相邻路由器相邻端口时的MD5口令,在端口设置模式下
ip ospf message-digest-key 口令标号 MD5 口令字符串
其中,在同一区域的相邻路由器的相邻端口的口令标号及口令字符串必须相同,同一路由器的不同端口的MD5口令可以不同,也可以某些端口使用安全设置,某些端口不使用安全设置。
实例1 无安全,无路由总结的OSPF设置

2511-1的设置
Current configuration:
!
version 11.3
no service password-encryption
!
hostname 2511-1
!
enable password cisco
!
interface Ethernet0
ip address 192.4.1.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Serial0
ip address 192.3.1.1 255.255.255.0
encapsulation frame-relay IETF
no ip mroute-cache
bandwidth 2000
frame-relay map ip 192.3.1.2 100 broadcast
frame-relay lmi-type cisco
!
interface Serial1
ip address 192.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
encapsulation ppp
bandwidth 64
!
router ospf 1
passive-interface Ethernet0
network 192.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 192.3.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 192.4.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
neighbor 192.1.1.2 priority 1
neighbor 192.3.1.2 priority 1
!
ip classless
!
line con 0
line 1 8
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
!
end
2505的设置
Current configuration:
!
version 11.2
no service udp-small-servers
no service tcp-small-servers
!
hostname 2505
!
enable secret 5 $1$GbYT$OR05giiLZxI4hEAO0F8kV1
!
hub ether 0 1
link-test
auto-polarity
!
hub ether 0 2
link-test
auto-polarity
!
hub ether 0 3
link-test
auto-polarity
!
hub ether 0 4
link-test
auto-polarity
!
hub ether 0 5
link-test
auto-polarity
!
hub ether 0 6
link-test
auto-polarity
!
hub ether 0 7
link-test
auto-polarity
!
hub ether 0 8
link-test
auto-polarity
!
interface Ethernet0
ip address 192.1.4.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Serial0
ip address 192.1.2.1 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network non-broadcast
bandwidth 2000
clockrate 2000000
!
interface Serial1
ip address 192.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
enpsuration ppp
ip ospf network non-broadcast
bandwidth 64
clockrate 64000
!
router ospf 1
passive-interface Ethernet0
network 192.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 192.1.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 2
network 192.1.4.0 0.0.0.255 area 2
neighbor 192.1.1.1 priority 1
neighbor 192.1.2.2 priority 1
!
no ip classless
ip ospf name-lookup
!
line con 0
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
login
!
end
internal -2的设置
Current configuration :
!
version 11.2
no service udp-small-servers
no service tcp-small-servers
!
hostname internal-2
!
enable secret 5 $1$KX00$rTI/2TvDokWxT4xC6wvmi/
!
interface Ethernet0
no ip address
shutdown
!
interface Serial0
ip address 192.1.2.2 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network non-broadcast
!
interface Serial1
no ip address
shutdown
!
router ospf 1
network 192.1.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 2
neighbor 192.1.2.1 priority 1
!
no ip classless
!
line con 0
line 1 16
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
!
end
2514的设置
Current configuration :
!
version 11.2
no service udp-small-servers
no service tcp-small-servers
!
hostname 2514
!
enable secret 5 $1$uoHU$Vks/lY CRi33z4TXs4qekI0
!
frame-relay switching
!
interface Ethernet0
ip address 192.5.1.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Ethernet1
no ip address
shutdown
!
interface Serial0
ip address 192.3.1.2 255.255.255.0
encapsulation frame-relay IETF
bandwidth 2000
clockrate 2000000
frame-relay map ip 192.3.1.1 100 broadcast
frame-relay intf-type dce
!
interface Serial1
ip address 192.2.1.1 255.255.255.0
no ip mroute-cache
encapsulation X25 dce
bandwidth 64
x25 address 1234
x25 htc 16
x25 nvc 4
x25 map ip 192.2.1.2 5678 broadcast
clockrate 64000
!
router ospf 1
passive-interface Ethernet0
network 192.3.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 192.2.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 192.5.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
neighbor 192.2.1.2 priority 1
neighbor 192.3.1.1 priority 1
!
no ip classless
!
line con 0
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
login
!
end
2511-2的设置
Building configuration ...
Current configuration:
!
version 11.3
no service password-encryption
!
hostname 2511-2
!
enable secret 5 $1$7o5F$MSyFWzVf6JBgnjLJghHSB.
!
interface Ethernet0
ip address 192.2.4.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Serial0
ip address 192.2.1.2 255.255.255.0
encapsulation x25
no ip mroute-cache
x25 address 5678
x25 htc 16
x25 nvc 4
x25 map ip 192.2.1.1 1234 broadcast
!
interface Serial1
ip address 192.2.2.1 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network non-broadcast
no ip mroute-cache
bandwidth 2000
clockrate 2000000
!
router ospf 1
passive-interface Ethernet0
network 192.2.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
network 192.2.4.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
network 192.2.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
neighbor 192.2.1.1 piority 1
neighbor 192.2.2.2 piority 1
!
ip classless
!
line con 0
line 1 8
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
!
end
internal -1的设置
Building configuration...
Current configuration:
!
version 11.2
no service udp-small-servers
no service tcp-small-servers
!
hostname internal-1
!
enable secret 5 $1$cF2M$z2T8Ohij5q/yn2RsiVaGE/
!
interface Ethernet0
no ip address
shutdown
!
interface Serial0
ip address 192.2.2.2 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network non-broadcast
!
interface Serial1
no ip address
shutdown
!
router ospf 10
network 192.2.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
neighbor 192.2.2.1 priority 1
!
no ip classless
!
line con 0
line 1 16
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
login
!
end
实例2 有安全,路由总结的OSPF设置

internal-2的设置
Current configuration :
!
version 11.2
no service udp-small-servers
no service tcp-small-servers
!
hostname internal-2
!
enable secret 5 $1$KX00$rTI/2TvDokWxT4xC6wvmi/
!
interface Ethernet0
no ip address
shutdown
!
interface Serial0
ip address 192.1.2.2 255.255.255.0
ip ospf message-digest-key 1 md5 cisco
ip ospf network non-broadcast
!
interface Serial1
no ip address
shutdown
!
router ospf 1
network 192.1.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 2
neighbor 192.1.2.1 priority 1
area 2 authentication message-digest
!
no ip classless
!
line con 0
line 1 16
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
login
!
end
2505的设置
Current configuration:
!
version 11.2
no service udp-small-servers
no service tcp-small-servers
!
hostname 2505
!
enable secret 5 $1$b43o$CpEYSTC2EPwnR1QGvIm//
!
username 2511-1 password 7 104D000A0618
!
hub ether 0 1
link-test
auto-polarity
!
hub ether 0 2
link-test
auto-polarity
!
hub ether 0 3
link-test
auto-polarity
!
hub ether 0 4
link-test
auto-polarity
!
hub ether 0 5
link-test
auto-polarity
!
hub ether 0 6
link-test
auto-polarity
!
hub ether 0 7
link-test
auto-polarity
!
hub ether 0 8
link-test
auto-polarity
!
interface Ethernet0
ip address 192.1.4.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Serial0
ip address 192.1.2.1 255.255.255.0
ip ospf message-digest –key
1 md5 cisco
ip ospf network non-broadcast
bandwidth 2000
clockrate 2000000
!
interface Serial1
ip address 192.7.1.2 255.255.255.0
enpsulation ppp
ip ospf message-digest -key 1 md5 kim
ip ospf network non-broadcast
bandwidth 64
clockrate 64000
ppp authentication chap
!
router ospf 1
passive-interface Ethernet0
network 192.1.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 2
network 192.1.4.0 0.0.0.255 area 2
network 192.7.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
neighbor 192.7.1.1 priority 1
neighbor 192.1.2.2 priority 1
area 0 authentication message-digest
area 2 authentication message-digest
area 2 range 192.1.0.0 255.255.0.0
!
no ip classless
ip ospf name-lookup
!
line con 0
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
login
!
end
2511-1的设置
Current configuration:
!
version 11.3
no service password-encryption
!
hostname 2511-1
!
enable password cisco
!
username 2505 passweord 0 cisco
no ip domain-lookup
!
interface Ethernet0
ip address 192.4.1.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Serial0
ip address 192.3.1.1 255.255.255.0
encapsulation frame-relay IETF
ip ospf message-digest-key 1 md5 kim
no ip mroute-cache
bandwidth 2000
frame-relay map ip 192.3.1.2 100 broadcast
frame-relay lmi-type cisco
!
interface Serial1
ip address 192.7.1.1 255.255.255.0
encapsulation ppp
ip ospf message-digest-key 1 md5 kim
ip ospf network non-broadcast
bandwidth 64
ppp authentication chap
!
router ospf 1
passive-interface Ethernet0
network 192.3.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 192.4.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 192.7.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
neighbor 192.7.1.2 priority 1
neighbor 192.3.1.2 priority 1
area 0 authentication message-digest
!
no ip classless
!
line con 0
line 1 8
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
login
!
end
2514的设置
Current configuration :
!
version 11.2
no service udp-small-servers
no service tcp-small-servers
!
hostname 2514
!
enable secret 5 $1$uoHU$Vks/lY CRi33z4TXs4qekI0
!
frame-relay switching
!
interface Ethernet0
ip address 192.5.1.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Ethernet1
no ip address
shutdown
!
interface Serial0
ip address 192.3.1.2 255.255.255.0
encapsulation frame-relay IETF
ip ospf message-digest-key 1 md5 kim
bandwidth 2000
clockrate 2000000
frame-relay map ip 192.3.1.1 100 broadcast
frame-relay intf-type dce
!
interface Serial1
ip address 192.8.1.1 255.255.255.0
no ip mroute-cache
encapsulation X25 dce
ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 cisco
bandwidth 64
x25 address 1234
x25 htc 16
x25 nvc 4
x25 map ip 192.8.1.2 5678 broadcast
clockrate 64000
!
router ospf 1
network 192.3.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 192.5.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 192.8.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
neighbor 192.8.1.2 priority 1
neighbor 192.3.1.1 priority 1
area 0 authentication message-digest
!
no ip classless
!
line con 0
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
login
!
end
2511-2的设置
Current configuration :
version 11.3
no service password-encryption
!
hostname 2511-2
!
enable secret 5 $1$7o5F$MSyFWzVf6JBgnjLJghHSB.
!
!
interface Ethernet0
ip address 192.2.4.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Serial0
ip address 192.8.1.2 255.255.255.0
encapsulation x25
ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 cisco
no ip mroute-cache
x25 address 5678
x25 htc 16
x25 nvc 4
x25 map ip 192.8.1.1 1234 broadcast
!
interface Serial1
ip address 192.2.2.1 255.255.255.0
ip ospf authentication-key kim
ip ospf network non-broadcast
no ip mroute-cache
bandwidth 2000
clockrate 2000000
!
router ospf 1
passive-interface Ethernet0
network 192.2.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
network 192.2.4.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
network 192.8.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
neighbor 192.8.1.1 priority 1
neighbor 192.2.2.2 priority 1
area 0 authentication message-digest
area 1 authentication (疑应加上message-digest,但原文如此)
area 1 range 192.2.0.0 255.255.0.0
!
ip classless
!
line con 0
line 1 8
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
login
!
end
internal -1的设置
Building configuration...
Current configuration:
!
version 11.2
no service udp-small-servers
no service tcp-small-servers
!
hostname internal-1
!
enable secret 5 $1$cF2M$z2T8Ohij5q/yn2RsiVaGE/
!
interface Ethernet0
no ip address
shutdown
!
interface Serial0
ip address 192.2.2.2 255.255.255.0
ip ospf authentication-key kim
ip ospf network non-broadcast
!
interface Serial1
no ip address
shutdown
!
router ospf 1
network 92.2.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
neighbor 192.2.2.1 priority 1
area 1authentication
!
no ip classless
!
line con 0
line 1 16
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
login
!
end
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